Short answer
A CCMS, or Component Content Management System, manages content as reusable components. Unlike Word, which manages complete files, a CCMS manages reusable modules such as paragraphs, warnings, procedures, specifications, images, or text fragments.
Each component has a reference source. Documents assemble those components by reference, which prevents divergent copies. A change made to the source can be reflected in every publication that uses it.
A CCMS also manages approval workflows, versions, translations, and multi-format publishing. Calenco applies this model in a French platform dedicated to technical documentation, with hosting in France.